![]() While most individuals, regardless of their sex, seem to be satisfied with their current working time, the majority of those expressing a preference to change their working time say they would like to reduce their hours.Research on men’s working time versus women’s shows that men are much more likely to work longer hours and women are more likely to spend more time doing unpaid domestic work. ![]() It has looked at the prevalence of flexible working time arrangements and working time accounts, part-time work, overtime and non-standard working hours parental and other long-term leave phased and early retirement as well as specific policies to support work–life balance in companies. Through its European Company Survey (ECS), Eurofound has also carried out comprehensive research on working time and work–life balance. Working time arrangements can have a significant bearing on the efficiency, productivity and competitiveness of companies, not to mention the health, well-being and motivation of their employees. ![]() The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) looks at working time arrangements, both paid and unpaid, and their impact on satisfaction with work–life balance. It also assesses how sustainable the current working conditions and working time patterns are into the future. The analysis looks at the links between working time patterns, work–life balance and working time preferences, as well as workers’ health and well-being. Using EWCS 2015 data, Eurofound has examined working time patterns for sustainable work. Findings show 43% of workers have very regular working schedules. It was used to measure the incidence of long (and very short) working hours, scope to take a break, atypical working time, working time arrangements and flexibility, and how these impact on the health and well-being of workers. In the EWCS 2015, working time quality was one of seven indices of job quality. The European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) covers working time from various angles. Working time in survey analysisĮurofound’s three major surveys provide data on issues related to working time. The research compares different approaches among Member States, gives examples of judicial rulings, highlights some types of work that attract special consideration and looks into causal relationships between breaks, health and performance at work. More recently, Eurofound looked at the national approaches on how and when breaks from work should be taken. It described the institutional regimes of working time regulation and assesses changes in agreed working hours and usual working hours between 19. The research focuses in particular on five sectors: chemicals, metalworking, banking, retail and public administration. Taking a long-term perspective on working time, Eurofound has examined the evolution of aspects of collectively agreed working time in the EU at the beginning of the 21st century. As the organisation of working time is changing, Eurofound together with the International Labour Organization examined the effects of telework and ICT-mobile work on the working time of those engaged in such work arrangements. Research has looked at the various aspects of the organisation of working time and the implications for productivity and working conditions. Eurofound has explored the relationship between working time and work–life balance in a life course perspective. In a fast-changing economic climate, companies and workers need flexibility. Regulating working time has a role to play in increasing work–life balance and also labour market participation. Regulation and organisation of working time Research on men’s working time versus women’s shows that men are much more likely to work longer hours and women are more likely to spend more time doing unpaid domestic work. While most individuals, regardless of their sex, seem to be satisfied with their current working time, the majority of those expressing a preference to change their working time say they would like to reduce their hours. Data on collectively agreed working time and the role of the social partners have been published regularly, and have also been analysed from a long-term perspective. Eurofound’s studies on working time aim to improve understanding of how it is organised and how this affects employment, productivity, well-being and the balance between work and private life. For many years now, Eurofound has collected information on various aspects of working time and their implications for working conditions and quality of life of men and women in the EU.
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